The intergenerational effect of educational expansion: evidence from a natural experiment in Spain
European Sociological Review
Spain's 1970 reform, which raised the compulsory school-leaving age from 12 to 14, as an instrument for parental education. Each additional parental year raises children's upper-secondary attainment by 10 percentage points — but the compliers are the mildly disadvantaged, not the poorest, which is why overall equality did not move.
JIF 3.0 · Q1 Sociology