mar c. espadafor
Peer-reviewed

Publications

Work on educational expansion, measurement, environmental policy and human capital. If you cannot access any of the papers below, email me — I will happily send a copy.

2025

Education2025

The intergenerational effect of educational expansion: evidence from a natural experiment in Spain

Espadafor, M. C. & García-Sierra, A.

European Sociological Review

Spain's 1970 reform, which raised the compulsory school-leaving age from 12 to 14, as an instrument for parental education. Each additional parental year raises children's upper-secondary attainment by 10 percentage points — but the compliers are the mildly disadvantaged, not the poorest, which is why overall equality did not move.

JIF 3.0 · Q1 Sociology

Institutions2025

Can a low emission zone improve academic performance? Evidence from a natural experiment in the city of Madrid

Valdés, M. T., Espadafor, M. C. & Conte Keivabu, R.

Population & Environment, 47

Madrid Central as a natural experiment on university-entrance scores, 2015–2022, with difference-in-differences, synthetic DiD and an event study. The zone raised scores; NO₂ fell where scores rose, and school intake stayed stable across the boundary.

JIF 2.5 · Q1 Environmental Studies

2023

Education2023

Selection or moderation? Three essays on educational inequalities

Espadafor, M. C.

Doctoral thesis, European University Institute

Three shocks, one engine: grade retention in Spain, boyhood in the United Kingdom, school entry age in Germany. Each chapter asks whether exposure is socially stratified and whether the penalty is absorbed unequally — and the German chapter reports the honest null that gives the framework its boundaries.

Supervisor: Fabrizio Bernardi

2022

2021

2024 · Book chapter

Book chapter2024

Desigualdad, pobreza y casas de apuestas

Espadafor, M. C. & Martínez, S.

In La desigualdad en España. Lengua de Trapo

Coverage

In the press

The betting-shop paper travelled beyond academia and into regulation debates, in Spain and abroad.

elDiario.esSpainCadena SERSpainRTVESpainGREOCanadaMassachusetts Gaming AssociationUnited States